胃酸倒流不止「火燒心」 嚴重可增食道癌風險

胃酸倒流(又稱胃食道逆流)是指胃液由胃部倒流至食道的情況,最常見的症狀就是俗稱「火燒心」的心口痛或胸口灼痛,通常發生在進食之後的時間。雖然間中出現以上情況是非常普遍而且正常的事,但如果胃液經常倒流,每星期發生兩次或以上,就有機會是影響健康的「胃食道反流疾病」。1

2002年至2011年間,

港人患胃酸倒流的比率

相對升幅達50%2

亞洲人患胃酸倒流的機會較歐美人士低;

警覺性亦較低,

有70%-96%患者未有求醫。3-5

胃酸倒流成因

有不少人誤以為胃酸倒流只是吃太飽或一時胃酸過多的個別情況,而輕視當中的嚴重性。然而,若發生次數較頻密,或症狀已影響日常生活,則不應大意,因為身體的食道括約肌功能或已出現異常。

我們的食道和胃之間有一組肌肉—食道括約肌,它就像一對活門,在進食時打開讓食物到達胃部。其餘時間它都會關閉,阻止胃部分泌物倒流;當它在不適當的時候鬆弛,胃酸便有機會倒流並刺激食道。6

造成食道括約肌功能異常的原因

  • 食道裂孔疝氣:因食道周圍的肌肉退化,或腹壓過高而令食道裂孔功能受損,胃向胸腔擠壓,令食道括約肌受損。7
  • 肥胖:使腹內壓力增加,減慢胃排空時間,令食道下括約肌減壓,暫時性鬆弛頻率變密。而且肥胖也會增加患上食道裂孔疝氣的風險。8
  • 懷孕:造成黃體素分泌和腹部壓力增加,使孕婦的食道括約肌較容易鬆馳。6,9

其他造成胃酸倒流或令病情惡化的原因

  • 胃部疾病:胃排空減緩、胃輕癱問題令食物留在胃部的時間較長,增加胃和食道之間的壓力差和胃酸分泌。10
  • 飲食習慣:如經常飲咖啡、酒精類、碳酸類等刺激性飲品;進食高熱量、油膩、酸性或辛辣食物,如朱古力、煎炸食品、醋和辣椒等。進食的份量、時間也有影響。7,11
  • 生活習慣:吸煙;或長期感到焦慮和壓力大的人士都有較大風險。11
  • 藥物副作用:如消炎止痛藥布洛芬有機會造成胃酸倒流。7
  • 哮喘患者患上胃酸倒流的機會較高,且通常在確診哮喘後的一年內發生12

胃酸倒流症狀

胃酸倒流的常見症狀

  • 火燒心(胸腔灼痛)13-14
  • 胃液倒流湧上食道,甚至口腔內嚐到酸味13-14
  • 吞嚥困難14
  • 喉嚨有異物感14

胃酸倒流的其他症狀

  • 持續咳嗽、打嗝13
  • 口乾15
  • 口氣13
  • 肚漲13
  • 聲音沙啞13
  • 注意: 胃酸倒流的症狀或與其他上食道疾病的症狀重疊16
  • 胃酸倒流的併發症17
    • 糜爛性食道炎
    • 食道收窄
    • 巴洛氏食道症 (癌前病變)
    • 食道腺癌
    • 肺病

胃酸倒流診斷

胃酸倒流的測試

  • 質子泵抑制劑測試 (PPI trial)
    • 接受兩星期、每日40毫克的質子泵抑制劑,若主要症狀消失,代表可能患上了胃酸倒流。部分醫生或會在此之前先安排安慰劑測試。18
  • 食道酸鹼值監測
    • 將監測器置入食道下端,檢查24小時,若酸鹼值少於4.0,即有胃酸倒流的情況。過往需用鼻導管置入和連接監測器,造成患者不適及不便。如今普遍改用Bravo酸鹼度測量系統(Bravo capsule )。19
  • 上消化道內窺鏡
    • 最準確的檢查方法,甚至可做切片檢查,排除其他造成相似症狀的病因。20

香港中文大學認可的「GERD-Q胃酸倒流症狀問卷」可初步評估患胃酸倒流的風險21

胃酸倒流治療11

胃酸倒流是一種慢性疾病,治療過程相對長,也需要改善日常生活習慣,包括:

  • 改變飲食習慣,減少及避免過量飲酒,戒煙。避免食份量過大的晚餐或食宵夜,以及減少脂肪攝取量。
  • 建議過重的患者減肥,控制體重。
  • 有研究發現,往左側睡有助減輕症狀22;若仰卧則可將頭部墊高6吋。23

胃酸倒流的藥物治療

除了改變生活習慣,也可分別透過三種主要藥物治療來抑制胃酸,分別是:

制酸劑24

  • 旨在數分鐘內中和胃酸,患者須於症狀開始或預料將會出現時服食
  • 藥力來得快,去得快,但沒有長期療效
  • 只有四分一患者接受制酸劑後得以紓緩症狀

H2受體阻抗劑(H2RAs)

  •  較制酸劑更有效紓患者的症狀24
  • 首款可治療由胃酸倒流引起的中度糜爛性食道炎的藥物25
  • 不足以治療較嚴重的糜爛性食道炎25
  • 恆常服用會出現快速抗藥反應(tachyphylaxis)25
  • 雖然其抑制胃酸的藥效不及PPIs,但由於有機會抑制晚間因組織胺而分泌的胃酸,醫生或會為正接受PPIs治療、且有夜間酸突破問題的病人加開H2Ras25

質子泵抑制劑 (PPIs)

  • 為目前被認為最好的方案25
  • 數個試驗反映它在紓緩症狀、治療黏膜、糜爛性食道炎上的療效較H2RAs顯著24-25
    • 83%患者的症狀得以紓緩
    • 78%患上糜爛性食道炎的患者對治療有反應
  • 能日夜長期和穩定地抑制胃酸25
  • 配合健康的飲食習慣,有助治療發揮最大作用26
  • 若患者未有定時用藥,PPIs治療在控制餐後胃酸倒流的成效會減弱。26
参考资料
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  27. HK-4457 10/14/2020